Bullied to Death in School Essay - 625 Words

Fat. Gay. Or just different from the crowd. These are the reasons children are being bullied -- sometimes to death -- in Americas schools, with at least 14 students committing suicide in the past year alone. --- Bullied to Death in Americas Schools - ABC News - Oct 15, 2010 Approximately twelve, 8-10 year old children commit suicide every year because they are victims of bullying. Whereas 1.3 million children a year bully others. What is bullying? As defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a bully is one who hurts or intimidates others. This assault may occur in two principle forms, verbal or physical. There are specific reasons why bullying happens and specific solutions that could help save as many as 12 lives a†¦show more content†¦Many people wonder, why does bullying occur? In Some of the cases of bullying, the bully hurts people because it makes them feel powerful and in charge. Bullies may see it as being popular. In some cases a bully has often been bullied by someone else in their life and is trying to seek attention by hurting others. Some bullies do not even realize how wrong their behavior is and how severely damaging it can be. For example: A young student walked into class and shot himself in front of his bully and class m ates because he was tired of being called fat and a walking dictionary. Is there anything people could have done to prevent this young boy from killing himself? Many victims of bullying think that they are the problem, but really the bully is the problem. People who are being picked on or bullied, have to tell someone in order to eliminate the problem. Most people think if they tell a teacher the situation will get worse but really if they get authorities involved from the start something can be done before the effects of bullying permanently scar todays youth, for instance some children have to seek physiological help after being tormented at a young age. In a recent survey it was found that teachers top choice to eliminate bullying in schools would be tougher discipline (41.4%), better supervision, (33.7%) and more counseling (17.4%). If children think that telling on aShow MoreRelatedEssay about Bullying: A Major Problem in Today’s Schools563 Words   |  3 Pagesproblem in today’s schools Bullying is a major problem in today’s society, especially among teens. With teens spending most of their time at school this environment must be as safe as possible. Schools need to be more proactive in addressing the issue of bullying because many students are bullied in many different ways, the effects can be deadly, and students deserve a safe place to learn. At schools kids are getting bullied in many different ways. For example, students get bullied online and in personRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On American Schools1209 Words   |  5 PagesBullying in American schools has become an underrated topic to converse about. It is a worldwide problem that can have negative consequences for the general school climate and for the right of students to learn in a safe environment without fear. Throughout Elementary schools, students are taught about bullying more than any other grade school. 282,000 students are physically attacked in secondary schools each month. As generations have evolved, kids in all schools get bullied rapidly and are afraidRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying On Children837 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Bullying in Children Bullying has become more of an issue that is threatening our younger generation today. Bullying is becoming more of a vicious act in public schools throughout the United States (Coloroso, 2003; Felix McMahon, 2006). There are many adverse effects that are caused by this disgraceful act. The average school-age child is silently or overtly tormented on a daily basis. Many of these students who experience bullying feel that they have no one to talk to, or that they have noRead MoreBullying Persuasive Essay730 Words   |  3 Pageshappens in almost every single school and it can have many different reasons and ways. Bullying can happen online or at schools. It is becoming a big problem because it is worldwide and it is not good for kids to get bullied. Kids can become depressed when they are being bullied. Also they can have mental health problems later on. It already has a lot of attention but it needs more so it can be stopped. Bullying needs a lot more attention because too many kid s are being bullied, it can cause kids to haveRead MoreEssay about Bullying and Bullycide1685 Words   |  7 Pagesbullying appears to be escalating with no signs of stopping. The victims of bullies are often the targets for various reasons such as being too fat, too skinny, too quiet or in most cases being homosexual. Often times the victims eat lunch alone at school, stay home ‘sick’ or isolate themselves from the outside world to avoid being exploited by the bully. As the life of the victim appears to dwindle away, they begin to withdraw and lash out at family members and friends in anger. In some cases, victimsRead MoreEssay Bullying1404 Words   |  6 PagesWright shows how he was bullied as a young African American boy. However, bullying is not limited to one type of person living in one time period. It still exists today in the form of young people getting bullied on the streets, and at school. It could be very harmful, and could lead to serious damages, bu t sometimes it could help  by making people stand  up for themselves, or it would cause more harm. First of all, how to define bullying? Some people bully and some get bullied for many reasons, butRead MoreBullying And School System Are No Secret Essay1502 Words   |  7 PagesHannah Swan EdSE 620 Research paper 9/25/16 Bullying and Aggression in Schools Bullying and aggressive behavior in the school system are no secret. Many people have encountered a bully, or have been a bully at some point in their lives. According to the American Psychological Association (APA) bullying â€Å"is a form of aggressive behavior in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort. Bullying can take the form of physical contact, words or more subtleRead MoreBullying Is Growing Day By Day And We Should Make Harsher Punishments For Bullies1284 Words   |  6 PagesStop Bullying! Bullying is growing day by day and we should make harsher punishments for bullies. Bullying has been happening for a while now and it affects how teenagers are in the real world. Being personally targeted by others in school or out of school can tend to have a negative effect on the victim, and may not always have a good turnout. Bullies need to be punished for their own actions and take the blame for what they have done. Bullies need to learn how it feels and how it could hurt someoneRead MoreImplementing Bullying Awareness Programs: A Bright Change for the Future1740 Words   |  7 PagesA person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself. Dan Olweus (Olweus1). Bullying effects millions of kids on a daily basis and will most likely never cease to stop. According to international studies, bullying is common and affects anywhere from nine to fi fty-four percent of children (Parker-Pope). Statistics also show that seventeen percent of studentsRead MoreEssay on A Speech on Bullying1047 Words   |  5 Pageseveryone bullies, no matter what you think or have done, you’ve most likely bullied someone. There are many issues in the news that involve bullying and bad things that happen, aswell as people being affected from people bullying them. Bullying is happening everywhere and the chances that you will encounter it are high. Around the world bullying is big particularly within schools and online in cyber space. With all schools talking about bullying and the media regularly reporting on latest research

How Class and Social Structure of the Victorian Era Is...

Reading the headlines of today’s newspapers, one will nearly always come across an article focusing on a fight for equal rights between genders or races, the race and revolutions of countries in becoming a democracy and the uprising of societies against constricting governments. However during the Victorian Era, a structured hierarchical environment was not only accepted but was considered to be of the upmost importance in society’s continuous survival. Victorian Literature allows readers to gain a critical insight into the class and social hierarchy of the era, by outlining the extensive amount of guidelines and restrictions applicable to each class and therefore how these affected their attitudes and general existence. The poems ‘Rules†¦show more content†¦Being born into the working class, usually meant poor or no education, which then in turn meant the child was forced to work as part of the laboring class. This would commence from a young age and the n continue into adulthood, most people probably receiving little or no pay. What began was a constant and continuous cycle of poverty that for most was impossible to break. Despite deriving from the lower classes, Smith has been fortunate enough to not only be educated but also knowledgeable enough to know not to waste it. This autobiographical piece was presumably quite purposeful during its time, a tribute by Smith to those of the working classes and an almost rebellion against the system that enveloped society. It continues to be relevant today, serving to prove just how difficult the situations were of the lower class, as a result of the restrictions and confines enforced upon them. It demonstrates how rarely someone was able to break through this structure and succeed despite their upbringing and origins, but also the ability it gave them to appreciate the joy and beauty around them in life. Oscar Wilde’s, ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’, published in 1899, is a further example of a detailed, complicated and meticulously structured social environment, in which every characterShow MoreRelatedCharles Dickens: A Brief Biography Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesCharles Dickens blended the Romanticism era, the Industrial age, and the Victorian era into unforgettable novels that still had the whimsical, imaginative part of life. Ruth conceded, â€Å" Dickens increasingly saw the need for finding and nurturing the imaginative core of life that can prevail even in the middle of the modern industrial city (Glancy 17).† Charles used his own experiences and imagination to evoke stories that had an immense impact in the Victorian era, and later years to come. From his underprivilegedRead MoreThe Edwardian Era Of Great Britain2623 Words   |  11 PagesEdwardian era of Great Britain was during the reign of King Edward VII, 1901 to 1910. This era was mark ed by the transformations of political views because parts of society that previously had no power, now became more politicized. The differing social classes divided people into sects that were not justified. The Edwardian era was sometimes remembered as a golden era by the people who reminisced about their past. It was also seen as the intermediate phase between the great Victorian era and the firstRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 PagesTHE VICTORIAN NOVEL SPIS TREÃ…Å¡CI INTRODUCTION 1 I THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVEL 2 II KEY AUTHORS 3 III KEY TEXTS 3 IV TOPICS 3 INTRODUCTION Many associate the word â€Å"Victorian† with images of over-dressed ladies and snooty gentlemen gathered in reading rooms. The idea of â€Å"manners† does sum up the social climate of middle-class England in the nineteenth century. However, if there is one transcending aspect to Victorian England life and society, that aspect is change. Nearly every institution of societyRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 1827 Words   |  8 Pagesnovel was written during the Victorian era but is considered under the genre of Romantic literary works. The Romantic period pushed boundaries and opened up the correlation of intellect and art. This period is also known as a movement as it brought such passion and color to the minds and lives of the everyday people through the domination of imagination and feelings rather than reason and straightforward black and white rules. Some of the elements of Romantic literature include nature as a powerfulRead MoreMorality in V ictorian and Neo-Victorian Novels Essay4239 Words   |  17 PagesMorality in Victorian and Neo-Victorian Novels An essay on Jane Eyre, The Mill on the Floss, The French Lieutenants Woman, Possession and The Dress Lodger The Victorian era is one bound to morality. Morality is also defined through the traditional and religious standards that structure the way of life for many Victorians. Morality is defined as the proper principles and standards, in respect to right and wrong, which are to be practiced by all humanity. Ideally, these include obtainingRead MoreA Study on Metafictive Devices in the French Lieutenant’s Woman5819 Words   |  24 Pagesnovelist John Fowles. It was published in 1969 and received universally acknowledged reputation as a masterpiece of postmodern novel. With intricate plot, the novel is regarded as a compelling historiographic metafiction in contemporary British literature. The characteristics of this novel are the metafictive devices employed by the author. Different from the previous studies centered on the idea of role reversal between characters or the analysis of sophisticated plot, this thesis is devotedRead More Parodies of Victorian Lifestyle Essay1969 Words   |  8 PagesParodies of Victorian Lifestyle in Adventures in Wonderland, Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found      Ã‚     Ã‚  It is no accident that the grotesque style in literature tends to be prevalent in eras marked by radical change and stress.   Such was the Victorian period, within which a whirl of social, economic, and religious change took place . . . (Chang par. 2). This distorted writing can be unquestionably seen in the works of Lewis Carroll, namely his world famous pieces, Alices AdventuresRead MoreTennyson as a Victorian Poet2765 Words   |  12 PagesTennyson as a Victorian Poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) achieved, what so many poets and writers throughout the centuries were unable to achieve, fame and success during his lifetime. Indeed, in 1850, after the publication of â€Å"In Memoriam†, he was installed to the position of poet laureate. Tennyson not only distinguished himself by his work to date, but also honored with the responsibility of representing the state during its most solemn and celebratory occasions. As Poet Laureate, he representedRead MoreFeminism And Its Impact On Women s Political Movement1803 Words   |  8 Pagesand 20th century to help encourage the role of women and the women’s political movement. Mary Wollenstonecraft was a key influence in feminism, especially liberal feminism and her literature had influenced many women after the French Revolution. (Axford, 2002) This was part of the first ‘wave’ of feminism where social and liberal feminists were established. This ‘wave’ of feminism campaigned for suffrage and equal rights. Suffrage for women was a key principle for liberal feminism, as they believedRead MoreThe Multiculturalism of London: Perceptions of Five Authors4563 Words   |  18 Pagesdickens, Daniel Defoe, John Gay and Ben Jonson and their separate views about London. Table of Contents Introduction 3 Discussion 4 The Ben Jonsons Bartholomew Fair (Fayre) 4 The Social Unifier Depicted by the Fair 5 The Fair and the Social Identity 6 The Bartholomew Fair of Jonson and Social Identity 6 The John Gays The Beggars Opera 8 The Slums of London 9 The Plots of Opera 10 The Daniel Defoes Journal of a Plague Year 10 In the Face of Tragedy the Humanity 11

The Comparison Between a Soliders Sweetheart Free Essays

Maria Gonzalez 8/22/12 Period: 8 Career Goal and Research Well I have always wanted to be a Marine Biologist, Homicide Detective, or a Forensic Pathologist it is simply because I love science it simply makes me wonder about so many things. My top choice right now would be a Homicide Detective and then later on in the years ill make sure I accomplish all my goals. This is what I want to do simply because I love science. We will write a custom essay sample on The Comparison Between a Soliders Sweetheart or any similar topic only for you Order Now I also think learning more about the body is amazing, and how accidents happen always leave you wondering. The degree I’ll need to become a Homicide Detective is high school for police officers, college associates of bachelor’s degree for higher ranks. Law enforcement agencies may require additional training. There isn’t really anything they ask for to work in this kind of field, if you want is optional you can attend college and then go to college for two years receive your bachelor’s degree it only gives you a higher rank. You also have the option to start as a police three years as a police patrol then you get promotion. Normally you first take a competitive promotional exam. If you pass, then you can choose to become either a sergeant and manage other patrol officers, or to become a detective and do investigate work. Well I really don’t need anything to be done in High school but only graduate, but indeed I’m also taking all the science class possible in high school, so far I have taken six science classes. My actual job title will be a Homicide detective after I go through the whole process and the median salary range is about 68,820. The top paying statements is the District of Columbia, New Jersey, Delaware, California, and Alaska. Where I see myself in ten years is already working as a Homicide Detective and working on getting my other goal completed which is becoming a Forensic Pathologist and doing a total of eight years of school including college and university. How to cite The Comparison Between a Soliders Sweetheart, Essay examples

Dvine Command Theory Claims System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Dvine Command Theory Claims System. Answer: Introduction: The Dvine Command Theory claims that God is the ultimate authority and his commands should be regarded as the ulterior source of ethical commands that should determine the course of human action (McLachlan, 2009). The divine commands should be followed regardless of the consequences, as Gods commands are the only sources of ethics, to be followed. Moral good is completely dependent on God and divine commands. The Kantian Duty Ethis theory, however, states that an action can be inherently right or it can be inherently wrong, regardless of the consequence it may have. Right course of actions should be pursued simply because they are the right things to do, and wrong course of action should be dismissed because they are wrong, and the wrong action must be avoided, even if the wrong action may not necessarily lead to bad consequence. If an action is right, one should do it, even if it may produce wrong or harmful consequences. Aristotles Virtue Ethics Theory states that an individual who is willing to lead a noble and ethical life, must ensure that he follows the ideal character traits as followed by any other virtuous person in his life. The character of a virtuous person develops through his habit, and thus his ethical nature is not a gifted quality, but rather an acquired skill. Prudence, justice, temperance and courage are the four important virtues that a person must imbibe, if he wishes to lead an ethical life. Socrates Teleological theory adopts a consequentialist approach, and states that while determining the moral value of an action, the moral intent with which an action is performed, does not deserve serious consideration, and rather the ultimate consequence of the action will determine its moral value (McLachlan, 2009). If the end of an action is good or desirable, the action should be performed, and should be regarded as ethically right, while in case the end of an action is not good, even if the action had a noble intent, it will fail to qualify as a moral action. The action has no moral value, but its end has. Again, Utilitarinaism states that the moral value of an action is dependent on its ability to produce results that can ensure utility for maximum number of people. Utility of an action can be defined as the sum of pleasure derived through an action minus the suffering of one or more than one person involved in the action. The moral value of any action is solely dependent on the effect produced on the mass of people, and its ability in generating maximum welfare amongst the members of the community involved. Enlightened self-interest theory of ethics is an important theory that states that anyone who wishes and works for furthering the interest of others, ends up serving their own interests as well. By doing good to others, an individual can easily assure a good life for himself. When an individual decides to enhance another persons quality of life, the quality of his own life will also enhance in the process. Again, Contrarianism is a theory of belief which asks people to take up actions contrary to popular beliefs and ideals (McLachlan, 2009). A contrarian is anyone who holds a position contrary to the consensus position. This theory helps in questioning the traditional values rather than conforming to them. Feminist Ethics is a belief which states that the traditional theorists have always undermined the womens perspectives about moral value of actions. The traditional ethics focuses primarily on male perspectives on ethics with little or no regard to female point of view. It is highl y important to revise, re-formulate as well as rethink the traditional ethics so that the moral experiences of women do not remain undervalued. Reference List: McLachlan, J. (2009).The Right Choice: Making Ethical Decisions on the Job. Toronto: Pearson-Prentice Hall.

15 Vital College Survival Tips

15 Vital College Survival Tips In this quick-read article you’ll find 15 college survival tips that get straight to the heart of the matter. We didn’t waste time with fluff tips or nonsense. Each one is serious business so let’s get to it. 1. Make Eating Right Exercising Habitual Yes, really. Eating right is going to work miracles all by itself because you’ll be running on all cylinders. Exercise will keep you in shape and balanced. Being healthy is really a good idea (who’d-uh thunk it?) and it helps you get the most out of your college experience. 2. Maintain Relationships with the Right Professors Don’t hesitate. From the get-go you need to be establishing relationships with the professors that matter most to you given your goals/focus. Don’t be creepy or in a hurry. Just approach them and let them know they’ll be seeing you around for the next few years and you would love to get to know them. That’s it. Then practice being a student they’re pleased with. It makes college life so much easier when you’re connected to the right people. 3. Know Your Major from Day One Don’t be indecisive. Make a decision and stick with it. Don’t spend a year or two bouncing around from one major to the next wasting time and money. If you’re too young to think about your future in a mature way, maybe you should wait before committing to college? At the end of the day it’s not necessary, but knowing your major from the start makes college much more rewarding. 4. Get Lame Classes Done First Regardless of your major there are a bunch of classes you need to take. Some are the fun classes while others are going to be hard or boring electives you’re not interested in. Don’t avoid them. Get them done with as early as possible so you can spend as much time as possible on the classes that matter to you most. 5. Realize that College is Temporary Don’t get so lost in the moment that you make decisions which could really harm you down the road. Like, maybe it’s not a good idea to post videos on the net of you doing illegal or ridiculous things. Especially if you plan on becoming a teacher or public official. I mean live it up, but don’t forget that college is just a temporary place and the real world awaits you. Also, because college is temporary you really don’t need to take it so seriously that you cause yourself physical or psychological harm. Get it, do your time, get your degree(s) and then move on. It’s that simple. 6. Cradle a Sense of Balance Relax. Find ways to keep yourself balanced and cradle them because they mean so much. Resistance training really helps. Take a yoga class. Do something to keep your mind and body centered so that you don’t get too swept up into things. 7. Be Strategic with Procrastination We all procrastinate, it’s fine. Just make sure you use it wisely. Mid-terms aren’t a good choice†¦jus’sayin. 8. Destroy Your Comfort Bubbles You’re going to survive college. One way to make sure you get the most of it, is to demolish your comfort bubbles and explore, experiment, travel and make yourself available to exquisite experiences. 9. Are You Ready to be a Parent? Seriously. Sex is awesome and there are TONS of young sexy people in college. The question is, are you prepared to be a mommy or daddy? If not, then you need to take sex a bit more seriously. 10. Don’t Avoid Class Difficulty Maybe that class sounds awesome, but on the first day you felt like it might be better to swim in razor blades and lemon juice. Hold on a minute, don’t be so quick to hop out of classes that you find challenging. These are known as character-builder classes. 11. Go to Class! We had to include this one because we understand how powerful propaganda can be. The more you see, read and hear â€Å"go to class!† the higher the chances are that you’ll go. These classes cost money and they are time in your life you’ll never get back so you better take them seriously. 12. Learn How to Take Proper Notes This isn’t high school. Take notes seriously. Clue: you don’t need to take a â€Å"how to take notes† class. 13. Learn to Chill at Test Time The more prepared you are the more relaxed you’ll be. Don’t let anxiety and fear gobble up tons of your mental energy. Instead, make sure you’re prepared and ready to rock when test time comes. 14. Focus on the Right Kind of Friends Don’t let idiots drag you down. Hang with people that can help you succeed and vice versa. 15. Go to Tons of Events Take advantage of as many school events as possible, because then you’ll meet tons of people and create for yourself tons of opportunities (relationships). So how about it folks? Do you agree these are the big hitter survival tips or what? Let us know what you do to survive.

Key stakeholders in Next clothing Essay Example

Key stakeholders in Next clothing Essay Example Key stakeholders in Next clothing Paper Key stakeholders in Next clothing Paper They are required to purchase the products and in turn provide customer loyalty. They are needed to come to the store again and again to keep the flow of business high for the company. Employees It is their duty to withhold the reputation of the store as it is their actions that people will remember upon leaving the store and they are required to make people want to return. They are expected to provide the highest quality service they can and keep customer satisfaction high. Suppliers They are expected to roved high quality products that are suitable to sell. They must meet deadlines for orders and the product must be correct otherwise the business will suffer. Owners It is their day to day running of the company that keep all aspects of the business flowing. They are expected to make sure every area Of the company is running at full potential and every employee is doing the right thing. Trade unions It is the trade unions role to make sure the employees are being treated fairly. They make sure the workers are protected and safe and are in fair and suitable working conditions. They also help the unemployed find jobs in the first place. Employer associations These are very similar to trade unions and are there to protect the right of the employees. Local communities It is very important to appeal to the local communities as they are a very important interest group that require pleasing. National communities They are the ones that must be impressed as it is their opinion that can make or break the company. They are responsible for the upkeep of your company through purchase and it is them who will ultimately decide whether or not your business fits their requirements. Governments It the government who will want the business to be successful as it can boost the economy and create jobs across the country. If the business is successful they can also pay large taxes which boosts the governments funds overall. They are also considered a vital part of the community and with their survival the local economies can thrive as well. Influence on organizations This is when the business needs to take into consideration the rest of their stakeholders when making changes to the business and must make sure there is not a negative effect on the business itself or the stakeholders.

Statment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Statment - Essay Example t in the investigation of physical bodies of the world, behaviors of atoms, planets and different theories generated by scholars, which can determine high potentiality to choose physics as a major subject. It is necessary to engage in research work weather for organizations or for educational institutes. Both can provide a promising career. Moreover, it can expand knowledge and assumptions of universe. There are other subjects of physics like Quantum Mechanics and String theory, which can provide enthralling experience to relate to the realities of the world as is of great source of value and influence. I have analytical skills, which are needed in physical studies, and I strongly feel that I have what it takes to enhance them and keep them up to date with changing trends and requirement of the course. Physics provides an in-depth empirical knowledge, which is of significant value as it provides manifestation of natural processes of the world. The nature of physical bodies acting on earth and the universe can be captured through research work as it consists of the ability to explore different areas of natural phenomenon. Most of the theories of physics can be applied practically as well which are fascinating. These also bring an element of unpredictability, which is intriguing and mysterious for me. Physics provides exploration of knowledge and it is necessary to instill tactics and techniques through which the innovative fields of physics and investigations, which are carried out by physicists, are kept at abreast on a daily basis. Through this procedure, an individual can be kept informed if there are any updates in the field. It also helps in increasing knowledge regarding forces of nature. Besides these, physics as a major can help find future prospects as a lecturer where strategic skills as a physician can be applied. Moreover, these programs can provide a platform if further studies are carried out in the same fields like a PhD Program or career in other

The Current State of the Wheeler-Lea Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Current State of the Wheeler-Lea Act - Essay Example Still there were some shortcomings, which were corrected by Wheeler Lea act. Congress passed The Wheeler-Lea Act in 1938, a United States federal law, which amended the Federal Trade Commission Act. It gave the FTC the additional responsibility of policing â€Å"deceptive acts or practices in commerce.† In so doing, the FTC tries to protect the public against false or misleading advertising and the misrepresentation of products (Larabee, Robert). So the Federal Trade Commission Act, as modified by the Wheeler-Lea Act, gives new provisions: The Wheeler-Lea Act has not permitted the FTC to control the advertising of self-medication drugs. So there has not been as much improvement in patent medicine advertising as wished. Prescription drugs are policed by the FDA under the Kefauver-Harris Amendments of 1962. Additionally, advertising of restricted medical devices is regulated by the FDA under the Medical Device Amendments of 1976. Most recently, Congress passed a broad reform of the FD&C Act in the Food and Drug Modernization Act (FDAMA), which includes provisions to â€Å"regulate advertising of unapproved uses of approved drugs and devices, and regulate health claims for foods.† There is requirement of prohibition of unfair methods of competition and advertising, in order to protect consumers as well as competition. Many Acts has been passed by U.S government. Wheeler lea Act was a big step in this direction. It regulated advertising, labeling strategies and identification, quality, and fill-of-container for foods and

Marks and Spencer and Global Environmental Factors Essay

Marks and Spencer and Global Environmental Factors - Essay Example Marks and Spencer is a highly successful giant operating in the UK retail sector. The success of the organization has been due to its clear mission statement and vision. It has managed to become a powerful and vibrant brand in the UK for the past one hundred years. A diverse product line enables the organization to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. It has premium products that cater to the unique requirements of various segments. Marks and Spencer pursues a dynamic business strategy in which its tries to give the consumer a sense of attachment and feeling with specific brands. This is a highly successful strategy that has enabled excellence and quality at operational and strategic levels. Marketing operations of the organization is also based upon applying smart and prudent strategies. Marks and Spencer conducts an extensive research and appraisal of the business environment. It determines clear and precise goals based upon its strengths and weaknesses. Appropriate business strat egies are formulated in order to take advantage of business opportunities. The organization seeks to use its core competencies.The rapid rise of globalization has created tremendous opportunities for business organizations. However it has led to significant challenges for business processes and structures. In the twenty first century, marketing staff cannot ignore the importance of global environmental factors. These factors need to be studied and analyzed in order to achieve optimum results.

The Greek Culture And Oedipus The King

The Greek Culture And Oedipus The King I have chosen to talk about the Greek culture because I believe that our present culture has many similarities to the Greeks culture. Our culture today is actually surprisingly similar to that of the Greeks. Some of these similarities are education, government, and religion. One similarity that we have to the Greeks culture is the Greeks devotion to intellectual integrity and their development of a system of schools. The Greeks understood how important it is to have a good education. I agree with them because I think it is very important to have at least a high school education and I also think it is important to have a college education. I believe that with knowledge comes power and having knowledge can lead to good things. Today, most people basically think like the Greeks did about intellectual integrity and a development of a system of schools. We still see the importance of a good education today. Having a college degree in todays society holds more job opportunities than someone who just has a high school education. One of the main goals of education in Greece was to prepare a child for adult activities as a citizen which is something that our society still does today. Parents prepare their kids for adulthood. Another similarity that we have compared to the Greek culture is there use of a democracy system. The Greeks were actually the ones that created the first democracy. The definition of democracy is the rule of the people. They understood how important it is to include the people in the decisions that are made for a society. When authority figures make decisions on a society without the people of that societys thoughts on those decisions, Im sure that people tend to get pretty upset. The United States still uses a democracy system of government today because, like the Greeks, we see how important it is for the people to have some input as well. The Greeks also had a liberal view toward education that was largely responsible for the downfall of Classical Greek civilization. There are many people that still have a liberal point of view today. We have republicans as well but we still have those liberals. Not only was their democracy important, but the role that the people of their society played were very important as well. In Greek culture, the womans job was to run the house and bear children. In many families today, it is important the woman stays at home and takes care of the house. Of course, it is still very important for women to bear children also. The men spent a great deal of time away from home a nd when they werent involved in politics, they spent time in the fields with their crops. We still see this today. A lot of men spend time away from home because of their job. A lot of people still farm for a living today and those people, during the summer, spend a lot of time away from home taking care of their crops. The last similarity between the Greek culture and our present society that I am going to talk about is religion. The Greeks were deeply religious people that usually worshiped many gods. Not only did the Greeks write stories about gods and goddesses, they also created a lot of art work such as paintings and sculptures that portrayed Greek gods or goddesses. Most people today are still very religious. Almost every religion of today involves the worship of a god. The only religion that I can think of that doesnt worship a god is Atheism and I think that they dont believe in gods. I mean, most of us religious people still go to church, read the bible, and pray in order to worship our god. Although the Greeks were very religious and thought it was very important to worship their gods, they also had an anthropocentric way of thinking. The definition of anthropocentric is basically that man is the center of everything and is most important. In other words, the Greeks believed that they were the most important and maybe even more important than their gods. Sadly, I believe that some or maybe a lot of people still think like this today. I think there are still those people that think that God is very important but when it comes down to it, they think deep down that they may actually be more important and that they are actually the center of everything. I am not anthropocentric at all. I believe that God is most important and that he is the center of everything. Now I am going to talk about the Greek work of literature Oedipus the King. In this story, Oedipus is the ruler of Thebes. Thebes is actually a dying city and Oedipus is deeply concerned of why Thebes is dying. Oedipus is a person that is desperately seeking the truth of things so he goes to a blind man named Tiresias and he tells Oedipus about all of these prophecies involving Oedipus himself. Oedipus does not believe what Tiresias tells him but Oedipus finds out throughout the story that Tiresias prophecies are actually true. The main conflict in Oedipus the King is between belief and reality. The belief is that intelligence makes humanity master of its own fate versus the reality of humanity being helpless against some cruel fate. This kind of goes back to that anthropocentric way of thinking. For a person to think that he or she can control his or her own fate because of his or her intelligence seems like and anthropocentric way of thinking to me. I believe that whatever God has planned is what is going to happen no matter how smart someone is. On page 617, lines 216-219, the chorus of the play says: O golden daughter of god, send rescue radiant as the kindness in your eyes! Drive him back! the fever, the god of death that raging god of war. The chorus is praying that the daughter of god send rescue and drive back the god of death from the city of Thebes. This goes back to the Greeks being very religious people and worshiping gods. All throughout Oedipus the King, the characters talk about some sort of god very often. Today, religious people still pray to their god for help which is what is going on in these lines from Oedipus the King. I can relate to this because if I know someone who is badly in need of help, I pray for him or her in hopes that he or she will receive help which is what the chorus of this story was doing in these lines of the play. The Greek culture had many similarities to our present society today. Some of these similarities are education, government, and religion. The play of Oedipus the King shows characteristics of the Greek culture throughout the play. The Greeks made very important developments and some of them are very evident the present society of today.

Afghan Women and Their Horror Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A woman’s life in Afghanistan is one of the most shocking and devastating truths. It wasn’t until September 11th 2001 that the world awoke to the relevance of women’s issues to international peace and security. However, it’s been two years since and the lives of Afghan women have improved only slightly. Harassment, violence, illiteracy, poverty and extreme repression continue to characterize reality for many afghan women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Under the Taliban, ultraconservative Islamic ideas combined with misogynistic and patriarchal tribal culture resulted in numerous edicts aimed at the control and subjugation of Afghan women† (Womenwarpeace.org). Women were denied all rights both civil and political. They were denied the right to free assembly, freedom of movement and the right to personal security.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to a March 2003 International Crisis Group report, the civil war created by the Taliban produced 50,000 widows in Kabul alone. They were denied employment and as a result many had to result to begging in order to provide for their families. Their economic burden continued to increased as they became responsible for their family’s security and income, a situation complicated by the fact that women had limited economic and educational opportunities. It made women very vulnerable to exploitative situations such as prostitution, indentured servitude and drug trafficking to support themselves and their...

Marketing management of lenovo’s photostat machine

Company Description: – ( INTRODUCTION )Lenovo has a good name and frame in the market. Lenovo group limited is today the 3rd largest personal computing machine maker in the universe particularly in Asia. But one m traveling to present a new merchandise which is â€Å" Photostat machine † . As Lenovo is a good trade name so one will non happen any sort of trouble to present a new merchandise. The procedure must turn to all the stairss to necessary to get down volume production, develop need documentation, and back up the merchandise. Improved merchandise launch consequences in faster clip net income activities are better planned and co-ordinate and more tightly integrated. System informations are better understood and system may be better integrated. System informations are demand are better integrated.The consequence in better production ramp-up, more expeditiously selling, a sale force better integrated selling the new merchandise and a service and support group better able to service and back up the new merchandise.leading to greater client credence. After Hewlett Packard, dingle. Lenovo creates a most advanced merchandises and service. Lenovo offers a heavy monetary value line and they already launched a broad scope of merchandises such as laptops, desktops and so many merchandises.BUSINESS Mission: –I am seting my merchandise portfolio to a planetary participant. It will assist in approaching future clip. i introduce a new merchandise. one create this merchandise for the creative activity of planetary platforms and development of local platforms to accommodate state specific demands. focused on cost, increasing merchandise complexness, making a multi location merchandise. In our quickly altering and extremely competitory markets successful new merchandise launch is thought by many but the job is that the deficit of thoughts and disbursal in production and marketing new merchandises without any warrant of success. No 1 know that the produst u R traveling to establish is traveling on top or it fails. Thoroughly my calling I have seen many new merchandises and talked 1000 of invitors who could hold saved themselves thousand of dollers and increase the likeliness of success if he had model for developing thoughts and fix it for market. By seeing all this one take experience and my experience leads us the following six measure procedure after establishing a Photostat machine. 1 ) First one see that who is the mark client. 2 ) How do i desire to travel to market i.e produce the merchandise, sell the thought or license the merchandise to person else to bring forth the market. 3 ) Explore the merchandise. 4 ) What are the market research stage. 5 ) Analysis and development of market program. 6 ) Execute the program and establish the merchandise By taking all this things in my head I starts work Our concern mission is launch our merchandise in such a manner that it will provide all our the worls and derive more and more net income.Selling Aim: –Marketing aims of my merchandise is to catch the attending of the clients.Aims can be set in two degrees: –1. Corporate Degree: -These are those aims which are concern in concern as a whole or a administration. I am taking this two type of aims in establishing Photostat machine. 2. FUNCTIONAL Degree: -these are particular sort of selling activities.By these two I m besides take into consideration on smart standards which is as under:Specific- The aim should province exactly come once more? Is to be achieve. Measurable- An aim should be knowing of measurement – so that it is possible to make up one's mind whether ( or how far ) it has been achieved. Achievable- Ahe aim should be matter-of-fact given the province of personal businesss in which it is set and the capital available to the concern. Relevant- Aims should be applicable to the people responsible for accomplishing them. Time Bound- Aims have to be set with a time-frame in head. These clip bound besides need to be realistic.CUSTOMER PROFILE: –I m traveling to establish a new merchandise of Lenovo. my merchandise is the photostate machine and I introduce this merchandise in the market it has a to maintain client profile besides. Customer profile means what are the client demands and what they except. They besides see that what are the stratergies they use4 P ‘S OF THE LENOVO ‘S PHOTOSTAT MACHINE: –MerchandiseName- Lenovo ‘s Photostat machine is the name of my merchandise. Merchandise variety- it is new, different, usual, designed to make full an identified demand. It is launched assorted colorss.Monetary value:List price- The list monetary value of the Photostat machine is starts from 65000/ . It is less expensive Photostat machine than that of its rivals. After the new Photostat machine is being developed the following measure is to put the monetary value.Firstly I will doubtless look to market rivals for indicants of how monetary value should be set. I will put competition based pricing.Like I can see traveling rate monetary value to put monetary value.PromotionAdvertising- Ad is done by utilizing assorted methods like media advertisement, intelligence paper advertisement, magazines, etc. Gross saless promotion- Gross saless publicity of Photostat machine is done by offering gifts and other points to pull the distributers. Public relations- Photostat machine is so far really good in keeping good relationship with its clients by stating them about new invention in the bing merchandise.Topographic pointLocations- The Photostat machine provides a good service to its clients. Coverage- Photostat machine covers all local countries really efficaciously. This is the most of import factor, and so takes action ; make certain they can make every country so that it helps in school and concern intents.Channelss& A ; Oslash ; Manufacturer to dealer & A ; Oslash ; Manufacturer to clientSWOT ANALYSISSTRENGHTS:& A ; Oslash ; It has good productProducts & A ; Oslash ; Good service quality & A ; Oslash ; Global coverage & A ; Oslash ; Strong and effectual use & A ; Oslash ; maintain up to day of the month on what competiton is makingFailing:& A ; Oslash ; Entire plus turnover is one of the failing of my photostatmachine. & A ; Oslash ; Lack of inventionOpportunity& A ; Oslash ; My merchandise has the chance to catch the market portion. & A ; Oslash ; Peoples are going more conceious towards proficient accomplishments i.e computing machine cognition. So one develop a multifunction Photostat machine should aim these peoples by offering alone merchandises.Menace& A ; Oslash ; The chief menaces is its rival. There are batch of rivals who lower down the sale of merchandise.Selling Plan: –Plan that inside informations a company ‘s selling attempt ; besides called action plan.marketing scheme. The selling program may be laid out for an single merchandise or for the full company and all its merchandises. In either instance, the program specifies the selling ends and aims to be achieved over a specific clip period and so lays out the assorted schemes to be followed in accomplishing them. It will besides define the duties for transporting out the program. Well I am looking to present a new Photostat machine of lenovo in the market.To full fill this intent foremost I should hold to fix a market program through wh ich I may happen out the market state of affairss. I am following seven stairss as selling program to develop my Photostat machine in the market. These points are as follow- 1 ) Selling Environment 2 ) NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 3 ) Pricing OF THE PRODUCT 4 ) Launching Political campaign 5 ) Ad AND PROMOTION 6 ) LOGISTIC AND SUPPLY CHAINSelling environmentThe selling environment in India is undergoing a rapid transmutation, and this is peculiarly important for Indian companies. Changes in authorities ordinances and economic policies, forces of globalization and competition, and the evolving nature of ingestion behaviors are supplying important chances. Many companies have started using the chances that are emerging in the altering selling environment. As the market of consumers are acquiring educated they are giving more emphasis on quality than monetary value. Selling environment is made up of external factor which is further made up of micro and macro factors. I am taking in to consideration all these factors while establishing a Photostat machine and conveying it into the market. A big figure of forces shape the selling environment. To assist form your thought, it ‘s utile to sort the assorted forces as falling into either the ( 1. ) Direct market environment. ( 2 ) The external market environment. The direct environment of any generic market or product-market includes clients, the company, and rivals. The external market environment is broader. The variables of the external market environment autumn into four major countries: 1. Economic environment. 2. Technological environment. 3. Political and legal environment. 4. Cultural and societal environment. In the short tally, the selling director does n't command the variables of the selling environment. That ‘s why it ‘s sometimes utile to believe of them as unmanageable variables. On the other manus, the selling director can and should carefully see the environmental variables when doing determinations that can be controlled. For illustration, a director may non be able to make anything to countervail the strengths of a specific rival, but the director can choose schemes that lead the house into product-markets where that house does non vie, or where competition in general is non as strong. We ‘ll see how they shape chances restricting some possibilities and doing others more attractive. A company must make up one's mind where it ‘s traveling, or it may fall into the trap expressed so good by the citation: â€Å" Having lost sight of our nonsubjective, we redoubled our attempts. † Company aims should determine the way and operation of the whole concern. It is hard to put aims that truly guide the present and future development of a company. The selling director should be heard when the company is puting aims. But puting whole-company aims within resource bounds is finally the duty of top direction. In this sense, whole-company aims are normally outside the selling director ‘s â€Å" control. † It would be convenient if a company could put one aim such as doing a net income and allow that function as the usher. Actually, nevertheless, puting aims is much more complicated, which helps explicate why it ‘s frequently done ill or non done at all. The undermentioned three aims provide a utile starting point for puting a house ‘s aims. They should be sought together because in the long tally a failure in even one of the three countries can take to entire failure of the concern. A concern should: 1. Engage in specific activities that will execute a socially and economically utile map. 2. Develop an organisation to transport on the concern and implement its schemes. 3. Earn adequate net income to last. The first aim says that the company should make something utile for society. This is n't merely a â€Å" humanitarian † aim. Businesss ca n't be without the blessing of consumers. If a house ‘s activities appear to be contrary to the consumer â€Å" good.New merchandise development-Generating THE IDEASThe new merchandise development procedure starts with the hunt for thoughts. New merchandise development requires garnering thoughts to be evaluated as possible merchandise options. For many companies thought coevals is an on-going procedure with parts from inside and outside the organisation. Many market research techniques are used to promote thoughts including: running focal point groups with consumers, channel members, and the company ‘s gross revenues force ; promoting client remarks etc. Customer demands and wants are the logical topographic point to get down the hunt. Employees throughout the company can be beginning of thoughts for any merchandise.ScreeningTh e thoughts generated in thought coevals are critically evaluated by company forces to insulate the most attractive options. Depending on the figure of thoughts, showing may be done in unit of ammunitions with the first unit of ammunition affecting company executives judging the feasibleness of thoughts while consecutive unit of ammunitions may use more advanced research techniques. Acceptable thoughts move on to the following measure. Market Research and Analysis †¢ Situational Analysis †¢ Product/Service AnalysisOur strengths are:– Low monetary values – High quality merchandises – Experienced StaffOur failings are:– Limited distribution channelsTarget MARKET STRATEGY†¢ Students of the university †¢ Staff of the university †¢ Corporate universe †¢ schoolsBusiness AnalysisNow in concern analysis the procedure becomes really dependent on market research as attempts are made to analyse the viability of the merchandise thoughts. Much attempt is directed at both internal research, such as treatments with production and buying forces, and external selling research, such as client and distributer studies, secondary research, and rival analysis. By concern analysis we come to cognize about gauging entire gross revenues, costs and net income.PRODUCT AND MARKETING MIX DEVELOPMENTIdeas go throughing through concern analysis are given serious consideration for development. Companies direct their research and development squads to build an initial design or paradigm of the thought. I will besides get down to build a selling program for the merchandise. Once the paradigm is ready the seller seeks client input. In add-on to deriving client feedback, this measure is used to estimate the feasibleness of large-scale, cost effectual prod uction for manufactured merchandises. Chiefly at this phase the company will find weather the merchandise thought can be translated in to a technically merchandise.Market TestingAfter direction is satisfied the merchandise is ready to dressed up with a trade name name and set in to a market trial. In some instances the seller accepts what was learned from construct proving and skips over market proving to establish the thought as a to the full marketed merchandise. But other companies may seek more input from a larger group before traveling to commercialisation. The most common type of market proving makes the merchandise available to a selective little section of the mark market ( e.g. , one metropolis ) , which is exposed to the full selling attempt as they would be to any merchandise they could buy.CommercializationIf market proving shows assuring consequences the merchandise is ready to be introduced to a wider market. Some houses introduce or roll-out the merchandise in moving ridges with parts of the market having the merchandise on different agendas. This allows the company to rage up production in a more controlled manner and to ticket melody the selling mix as the merchandise is distributed to new areas.In commercializing a new merchandise, market entry timing is critical like if I have completed my development work and cognize that my rival is approaching the terminal of its development work so I will confront three choices-First entry, Parallel entry, Late entry. This determination involves extra consideration. It depends how we want to come in in market.Analysis of competition will include pricing by direct rivals, related merchandises and primary merchandises* Direct Competitor Pricing – Almost all selling determinations, including pricing, will include an rating of rivals ‘ offerings. The impact of this information on the existent scene of monetary value will depend on the competitory nature of the market. we must non merely research competitory monetary values but must besides pay close attending to how these companies will react to the our pricing determinations. * Related Product Pricing – Products that offer new ways for work outing client demands may look to pricing of merchandises that clients are presently utilizing even though these other merchandises may non look to be direct rivals.GOVERNMENT REGULATIONWe must be cognizant of ordinances that impact how monetary value is set in the markets in which their merchandises are sold. These ordinances are chiefly authorities enacted significance that there may be legal branchings if the regulations are non followed. Price ordinances can come from any degree of authorities and vary widely in their demands. Finally, when selling beyond their place market, we must acknowledge that local ordinances may do pricing determinations different for each market. This is peculiarly a concern when merchandising to international markets where failure to see ordinances can take to terrible punishments. Consequently sellers must hold a clear apprehension of ordinances in each market they serve. There are besides extra legal concerns when it comes to monetary value.STP for the merchandiseAfter holding the merchandise development and choosing the monetary values I will travel for establishing the merchandise. In the launch run I will be demoing or presenting the assorted characteristics of the merchandise. The chief thought behind this is to do people familiar about the merchandise and here I will be ask foring all the major distributers of different metropoliss who are maintaining the Photostat machines of different companies besides so that they come to cognize about my new trade name and can hold sto ck with them. I can do topographic point for my merchandise in bing market by deep market survey, maintaining the monetary value less than other existing monetary value of the photostat machines. Positioning is to show the procedure. Any company, single, merchandise and service could utilize this method to â€Å" busy † a place in the heads of consumers The placement can be done by utilizing assorted mediums like giving advertizements on telecasting, newspapers etc. Placement of the photostat machine is being done really efficaciously in the heads of clients. It is depth survey of the mark audience from the position of the audience themselves in order to take information to administer efficaciously and vouch a manner to supply consistent communicating. This will make a method which consequences in consumers memorising the company or the merchandise in a certain manner. The rule of positioning created a new epoch. With this construct widely known and accepted by the people, se lling experts besides tried to link this rule with the bing selling theory systemsPromotion and Ad:Promotion is a signifier of corporate communicating that uses assorted methods to make a targeted audience with a certain message in order to accomplish specific organisational aims. About all organisations, must prosecute in some signifier of publicity. Such attempts may run from transnational houses passing big amounts on procuring high-profile famous persons to function as corporate interpreters to the proprietor of a one-man endeavor go throughing out concern cards at a local bourgeois ‘s meeting. For publicity, apart from go oning the bing scheme of concentrating on T.V. channels. I would besides concentrate on advancing through wireless. Our publicity scheme is based chiefly on doing the right information available to the right mark client. In this we have to look into that what manner of advertizement we have to utilize to the advertizement of the Lenovo ‘s Photostat machine.Decision:To establish any new merchandise like Photostat machine in the market it is really customary to establish the merchandise as per a specific selling program of that merchandise. To cognize the current place of the companies that is bring forthing the same merchandises and what consumers demand from them. To maximise their net income and capturing more market portion proper analysis of each and every phase involved in selling program is really of import. If the company non doing marketing program before establishing any new merchandise so there are maximal opportunities of acquiring loss. A selling program may be portion of an overall concern program. Solid selling statergy is the foundation of a well-written selling program. While a selling program contains a list of actions, a selling program without a sound strategic foundation is of small usage. Behind the corporate aims, which in themselves offer the chief context for the selling program, will put the ‘corporate mission ‘ ; which in bend provides the context for these corporate aims. At the last I can reason that selling program is indispensable to do before establishing any new merchandise in the market.

Competition in an Oligopolistic Market

Competition in an Oligopolistic Market Oligopoly is a market system that is intermediate between monopoly and perfect competition. It is a type of market that is dominated by only a number of firms. These firms control the prices of the commodities they sell and the industry they dominate is characterized by significant barriers to entry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Competition in an Oligopolistic Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Oligopolistic markets are also characterized by similarities of the products they sell and thus the firms practicing oligopoly are normally interdependent in terms of policy formulation and competition strategies. The competition strategies are normally meant to make the minor differences in their products attractive to their customers so that the particular firm may have a competitive edge. Examples of oligopoly markets here in the United States are the automobile and the steel industry (Friedman 11 14). Since oligop oly is characterized by a few numbers of firms in the industry, each individual firm must predict the response of rival firms before it formulates output or pricing strategies. This leads to the aforementioned interdependence and thus the firms are forced to engage in what is termed as non-price competition. This kind of competition involves differentiation of virtually similar products by using means that are not price-based for fear of price wars. Therefore, companies achieve their competitive advantage by investing in promotions, improvement of the quality of their goods and services, offering of special services like delivery, provision of their goods/services at locations that are convenient for the consumers etc (Hannaford 1). Firms in oligopoly markets also practice price discrimination to maximize on their profits or win a larger proportion of the customer base. As mentioned earlier, the firms in oligopoly engage in the manufacture and/or sale of goods that are not easy to m anufacture. The goods may be difficult to manufacture due to large capital requirement like in the automobile industry, unavailability of raw materials like in the steel industry, etc. The above stated reasons act as barriers to entry together with a number of other factors. Since the products are normally of high value, the industry is characterized with a high elasticity of demand. It is this elasticity of demand that makes price discrimination possible in these markets. For instance, different people pay different amounts of money for the same car depending on the amount they are willing to pay for the car and their skills in bargaining. The above described price discrimination is one of three possible price discrimination strategies. It is known as first degree price discrimination. The other price discrimination strategies used by oligopoly markets are second and third degree price discrimination.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second degree price discrimination involves charging of higher prices for larger quantities of goods while third degree price discrimination is the most common and it depends on the firm’s understanding of its market. The latter takes many different forms and it is the one commonly used for achievement of competitive advantage by oligopolies (Pietersz 1). Some of the possible forms it may take include the ranking of customers into groups depending on their income and selling goods to different groups at different prices. The competitive strategies used by oligopoly markets have a lot of effects on the industry. For instance, price discrimination leads to the reduction of consumer surplus and thus it negatively affects the welfare of the consumer. On the other hand, the extraction of consumer surplus makes the firms make supernormal profits which are in the interests of the firms. Such price discrimination is, therefore, advantageous to the firms since the primary concern of any business enterprise is profit maximization. Some firms may also set prices below cost for some customers in a bid to have a competitive edge in terms of market share. This kind of price discrimination will be advantageous to the consumers and disadvantageous to the suppliers. Similarly, non-price competition has a lot of influence on consumer behavior in an oligopoly market. Consumers tend to prefer goods that have been promoted and those that are convenient in terms of delivery or those goods, whose minor details, like color, match the preferences of the consumers. Non-corporative strategic behavior also has numerous effects on the industry. It mostly results to unhealthy competition between the involved firms and tends o be advantageous to the consumers (Friedman 19). As evidenced in the discussion above, oligopolistic firms have a major challenge in laying down competitive strategies and policies. This is b ecause price competition in this industry is disastrous and can, possibly, drive all the firms out of business. The firms also sell virtually identical products and this magnifies the difficulty that they face in achieving a competitive edge. As mentioned earlier, the firms settle for competition strategies like non-price competition, non-corporative strategic behavior etc. This is normally due to the interdependence of the firms. These competition strategies have the aforementioned injurious and beneficial effects on the consumers and the suppliers. It is therefore of, essence, that oligopolistic firms set policies and competitive strategies that are beneficial to both the firms and their consumers. Friedman, James. Oligopoly Theory. New York. Barnes Noble.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Competition in an Oligopolistic Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hannaford, Steve. â€Å"Oligopoly Watch.† 2007- May 10, 2010. Web. Pietersz, Graeme. â€Å"Oligopoly.† 2006- May 10, 2010, https://moneyterms.co.uk/oligopoly/

Good SAT Scores Ivy League Plus Edition

Good SAT Scores Ivy League Plus Edition SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Setting a target SAT score to aim for is important, but what if you want to shoot for the moon and get an Ivy League-caliber SAT score? Read on to find out what SAT scores Ivy League Plus schools require. feature image credit: Strauss Hall, Harvard Yard/used under CC BY 2.0/Resized from original. Ivy League SAT Scores While your SAT score isn’t the only factor that determines whether or not you get accepted to Ivy League-level schools, it does play a significant role in helping colleges compare candidates from different high schools. This is even more true for international students who don't have AP or IB courses in their schools, since US colleges and universities use those courses as ways to evaluate the academic potential of students attending a wide range of high schools, including students from countries with different grading systems altogether. Your personal target SAT score is determined by the scores of students attending the schools you want to attend. If you’re aiming for top-tier schools like the Ivy League, Stanford, MIT, or UChicago, this target score is going to necessarily be higher than it would be for less selective institutions, but just how high does this score have to be? To answer this question, we've compiled a chart of the 25th and 75th percentile scores from all eight Ivy League schools (Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, UPenn, and Yale) as well as from MIT, UChicago, and Stanford. The chart includes averages of section scores from all the schools as well as the total SAT scores. School Names New SAT 25th %ile Scores New SAT 75th %ile scores EBRW Math TOTAL EBRW Math TOTAL MIT 720 770 1490 770 800 1570 UChicago 730 750 1480 780 800 1580 Harvard 730 730 1460 790 800 1590 Columbia 720 730 1450 780 800 1580 Princeton 710 720 1430 780 790 1570 Dartmouth 710 720 1430 770 790 1560 Yale 710 710 1420 790 800 1590 UPenn 700 720 1420 770 790 1560 Brown 710 700 1410 780 790 1570 Cornell 690 700 1390 760 790 1550 Stanford 690 700 1390 760 780 1540 Average 7 723 1433 775 794 1569 Score data taken from College Board; section scores may not add up to the total score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Tired of wasting time prepping in ways that don't work? We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. It's the best prep program available right now. Best of all, we guarantee your money back if you don't improve your score by 160 points or more. Check out our 5-day free trial today: What Does This Mean For You? Going by our standard recommendations for setting target scores, you’d need to get a 1540 new SAT score to be on par with the top 75% of students admitted to Ivy League Plus schools; students with scores below 1390 on the new SAT are unlikely to be accepted. The school with the largest spread between the 25th and 75th percentile scores is Yale (170 point difference), while the school with the smallest spread is MIT (80 point difference). This is important because it means there’s a lot more SAT score wiggle room for the middle 50% of students who apply to, say, Yale or Brown than there is for students applying to MIT or UChicago. Untitled/used under CC BY 2.0/Resized from orignal. Realistically speaking, few students apply exclusively to Ivy League Plus schools because they are so selective. If you do, you might fail to get into any college at all (this happened to a student a year above me in high school). Plus, a high SAT score doesn’t guarantee you admission to any school; other quantitative measures like GPA also matter a great deal. For example, Harvard’s scatterplot of admitted students for Fall 2016 shows the vast majority of students with a GPA of 3.8 or better out of 4.0. The bottom line: a score of 1540 or above on the SAT means that you are highly competitive for the top schools in the country, while a score of 1390 or below likely shuts you out of most of the Ivy League Plus schools. What’s Next? Are you all fired up about getting into the toughest schools in the country after reading this article? Then you'll love our complete guide on how to get into Harvard and the Ivy League and these two sample recommendation letters that got PrepScholar co-founder Allen Cheng into Harvard (and other Ivy League Plus schools). Want to ensure your SAT prep isn't time wasted? Make sure you're following all the top tips from our article on how to get a perfect SAT score. Took the SAT before March 2016 and not sure how you measure up to students taking the new SAT? Use our Old to New SAT Conversion charts to figure out where you stand. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare - Essay Example Clinical privileging, however, is not required by the NCQA whereas the Joint Commission mandates the need for the resources that would be able to support clinical privileges. All in all, there are both subtle and glaring differences and they could be primarily found in the accreditation standards. Also, there is the fact that NCQA puts emphasis on consumers as well as employers through the information they release that focus on their classifications of healthcare organizations according to quality. 2) Follow this link: http://www.jcrinc.com/The-Joint-Commission-Organization/ Note the size and corporate structure of the joint commission. Why are the â€Å"firewalls† necessary?   The so-called â€Å"firewalls† or policies drafted and being implemented that serve as barriers between the numerous subsidiaries the Joint Commission are necessary because they address criticisms about the fairness, ethics and conflicts of interest when a subsidiary could undermine the accredi tation standards of the organization. For instance, Joint Commission Resources – a Joint Commission subsidiary – offers consultation services to hospitals with regards to achieving Joint Commission accreditation. Conflict of interest would certainly arise.

Real World Radical Formulas Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Real World Radical Formulas - Assignment Example The angle of deviation is . It is supposed to be small (see front view on the figure). We put that the origin of coordinate system is in the center of the boat and axis is along the water line. The submerged volume changes on the value for coordinate ( is infinitesimal, is the length of the boat). The corresponding additional momentum value that appears due to the Archimedes force is ( is the water density and is the acceleration of gravity). The full additional momentum value will be ( is the beam of the boat). According to the Newton’s second law for cyclic motion ( is the moment of inertia). Therefore we have equation for the natural vibrations. The solution is ( is the deviation angle at the initial time moment and is the natural vibration frequency). It is easy to see that. If the natural vibration frequency exceeds some critical value then the boat is unstable. It means that value also must not exceed some limit. To simplify this condition, one can suppose that the boat has some standard form and the centre of the boat is heavier than the edges. The assumptions give us ( is the mass of the boat and is the some characteristic length). It is well known that, because of the Archimedes law the mass of the boat is equivalent to the displacement of the boat. Finally, we conclude that must not exceed some limit. The cube root of this value multiplied by 4 is called the capsize screening value. The critical value corresponds to feet /pound1/3. Notice, that according to the consideration above, the capsize screening value proportional to the square of the natural frequency. Problem 103 b. Multiplying the formula by radical of displacement and dividing into for capsize screening value we obtain . The cube of the later formula gives us. The formula defines the displacement

Environmental Science DB2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Science DB2 - Essay Example This is what makes the U.S. capable of solving food security problems faced by developing regions. In order to reach global food security goals, regions need to increase their trade relations, and allow trade to flow without much of the restrictions in place. Countries can negotiate deals that allow the exportation and importation of food at cheaper prices, thus; increasing the chances of attaining global food security (Wilde, 2013). Seafood, nowadays, happens to be present in almost every home. The only problem is, these products may not be locally raised. The importation of seafood, for example; tilapia, catfish, shrimp, and even salmon from China into the U.S., is on a sharp rise. The approximate distance that the food may have travelled to reach its destination is 7,000 miles. The fact that there are drawbacks and benefits to both importing and growing food locally, it is my opinion that locally produced food is the best option. The processes involved in the production of these products can be monitored to ensure that everything is done according to state regulation. Moreover, there is little contamination involved when food is produced locally, unlike when food has to travel for miles before it is set on the table as a meal (DeWeerdt,

Evgeny Morozov Essay Example for Free

Evgeny Morozov Essay Evgeny Morozov’s article, ‘Technology’s Role in Revolution’, was very attention-grabbing. Evgeny argued that many revolutions throughout history do not transpire through internet and technology, but in effect, are shaped by cultural factors. His term, cyber-utopianism, suggests that online interaction between individuals is emancipatory, and that the internet favours the oppressed, rather than the oppressor. He makes evident, that this belief is nieve and stubborn because it refuses to recognize its consequences. Evgeny argues against the certain ideas of what he refers to as internet centrism, and cyber-utopianism, and indeed points out that there is a dark side to internet freedom. Within Evgeny’s article, there are many points he makes that definitely articulate cyber-utopianism, and its affect on many populations. Evgeny explains the role of internet in the middle- eastern revolutions. He suggests that, people in the middle-east often brag about documenting police brutality, but is not what they should be focusing on. He argues that they should focus on how new leaders will shape the new constitution, and how to deal with issues regarding previous regimes. Morozov believes that the middle-east can obtain successful democracy, but depending on how they can react, and work on existing problems. Evgeny implies that regimes would be a lot less hectic if it weren’t for the internet. He claims, if it the internet wasn’t around, they could have taken a different route in making decisions, could have been less violent, and decisions could have been made months earlier than they did. He explains how in Russia, kids were being so distracted by other websites that, for a short while, government had put up censorships so people would be less distracted. He believes that the most successful way of controlling the internet, â€Å"isn’t one that has the most sophisticated censorship, but one that doesn’t need a one at all.† In addition, Evgeny suggested that it is nieve to believe that something as complex and sophisticated as the internet, could create exactly the same outcomes. In conclusion, he creates an unpretentious approach of dealing with policy making; Cyber-realism. Cyber-realists are people that make the internet a method for achieving specific policy objectives, rather than,  people who only focus on the internet’s philosophical impact as a whole. Evgeny makes some remarkable points, and although I think he slightly dramatizes the negative impacts internet has on the utilitarian states, he still manages to convince me of his argument. For instance, I too, believe that internet is credited for some negative things such as: countries having lacked enlightenment in the topic of political decisions, being a distraction rather than a source of information, and finally, giving the government a disloyal reputation. 1 Evgeny suggests that certain countries do not have the ability to be notified of political suggestions online, because computers are not available to them. A relatable example he expresses is that, Fidel Castro has a twitter page, but people in Cuba, do not have computers, let alone twitter. In Italy, for example, only three hundred and sixty seven people have computers, out of one thousand people. That’s less than half of the population that would not be well informed. In addition, in places such as Russia, internet isn’t a system intended to gain information, but rather, a search engine utilized for personal enjoyment. Internet is often a way of keeping kids away from politics because they become far to distracted on other sites, such as RuTube, to focus on government issues. I agree this is a negative effect, because if kids are uninformed, their kids will be uninformed, and the pattern of using internet for personal use will take its toll on future generations. Other countries, such as North Korea and Belarus, lack the ability to be technologically caught up in society. Evgeny mentions, â€Å"I wouldn’t have much hope in the internet in North Korea. It’s a country with some of the fewest internet connections in the world, and average North Koreans have been brainwashed to such an extent that you have serious psychological challenges that you can’t overcome just by using blogs and twitter.† This expresses the internet as being an unfair advantage to certain countries that are not as technologically advanced. Additionally, internet is giving the government a bad reputati on for two different reasons. First off, Evgeny states that bloggers publishing about dishonesty in local governments, are easily co-opted by higher politicians, and are turned against what they were blogging about. In this case, bloggers are absolutely being shut down, in that the power of the government  is less on local authorities, but on the federal government. This demonstrates the government being disloyal to the people, and using a pessimistic way of controlling the local population, which in turn, can certainly lead to trust issues between the two. Secondly, the government will frequently reach out to citizens for their opinion, but it doesn’t necessarily mean that they are listening to what the citizens have to say. 2 Evgeny suggests that governments pretend to reach out to obtain citizens input, but in reality, it is only a way of making them seem legitimate. The problem with this is that it causes the government to lose power, in that, they can no longer be trusted by the people, therefore the people will slowly stop publicizing their input. Another topic he could have reached upon would be that, because internet is so traceable, some negative things that might have gone viral will always be traced back to you. When bloggers write anti-government information, they are giving out their location, and can easily be tracked by local policemen. Overall I think that Evgeny truly convinced me of his argument because he had some very valid ideas, and as he pointed out, there are plenty of reasons people blame internet for the negative effects it has on the revolution.

Psychological contract breach effects and violation on employees

Psychological contract breach effects and violation on employees Abstract The goal of this study is to examine the influence of personality on the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation and its respective impact on employees work-related outcomes such as turnover intentions and counterproductive work behaviors. In this paper, personality was assessed on the basis of the Five-Factor model of personality (Goldberg, 1990) that is comprised of the following dimensions: Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Emotional Stability and Openness to Experience. Introduction In difficult times when companies must adapt to different changes in the global economic climate work behaviors are of great interest to organizations. In trying to retain the best employees, managers are interested in reducing turnover and preventing counterproductive behaviors. In order to understand employee responses and reactions to the work environment, contracts become vital as they create a behavioral guideline for both the employee and the organization. The psychological contract is a major element of any employee organization relationship, and consists of an employees beliefs concerning the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between that focal person and another party (Rousseau, 1989, p.123). Employees often feel that their organization has not fulfilled at least some of the promises it has made; and when they do their psychological contract is said to have been breached (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994). Numerous studies have analyzed the consequences of psychological contract breach on employees work-outcomes and generally conclude that there is a positive relationship between psychological contract breach and job dissatisfaction and turnover intentions (Zhao, Wayne, Glibkowski, Bravo, 2007; Bal, de Lange, Jansen and Van der Velde, 2008). Psychological contract violation has been defined as feelings of betrayal and deeper psychological distress à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [whereby]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the victim experiences anger, resentment, a sense of injustice and wrongful harm (Rousseau, 1989, p129). While psychological contract breach may not always lead to undesirable work-related attitudes, it is expected that employees who experience intensely negative feelings might take different measures against the organization they work for (Suazo et al., 2005). This is why in this paper we focus on the role of psychological contract violation as the mediator between psychological contract breach and employees work-related outcomes. But do all people have the same reactions to contract breach or could it be that there are individual differences in personality that lead some employees to react more strongly to psychological contract breach than others? Many authors have investigated the relationship between personality traits and job related outcomes (Judge, Heller and Mount, 2000; Tallman and Bruning, 2008), but there is little research on the relationship between personality and psychological contract breach and violation. Raja, Johns and Ntalianis (2004) is one of the few articles that report on the impact of personality on psychological contracts. These authors found that people high in neuroticism and low in conscientiousness are the ones that are more likely to perceive psychological contract breach. Moreover, the paper revealed that some personality traits moderated the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation. People high in neuroticism tended to perceive a stronger relationship between breach and violation than people high in locus of control. The main focus of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the psychological contract breach and violation relationship by analyzing whether this relationship is moderated by the Five-Factor model of personality (Goldberg, 1990).The study tries to fill in a gap in the existent psychological contract literature by examining the extent to which personality can explain changes in employees attitudes. Compared to other studies in the field, this study focuses on all five personality traits of the Five-Factor model of personality (Goldberg, 1990). This study is structured as follows: the next section describes the current state of the art with respect to psychological contract breach and violation; section three includes the research method and data collection; results will be discussed in section four and the main findings and implications for study and practice along with limitations and suggestions for future research in section five. Literature review and hypotheses The psychological contract As explained in the introduction, the term psychological contract is used to explain the relationship between an employee and an employer and the promises they have made to one another. Many researchers have explained the psychological contract in terms of social exchange theory. This theory (Blau, 1964; Robinson and Morrison, 1995) suggests that individuals enter relationships which consist not only of economic exchanges but also of more diffuse social obligations. These obligations change over time, but research has shown that individuals feel most comfortable when they are in a balanced exchange environment (Gouldner, 1960; Wayne, Shore and Liden, 1997), an environment where they feel that there is a fair equilibrium between what they offer the organization and what they receive in return. When the organization fails to fulfill its promises, employees might feel that there is inequality in the employment relationship (Lester, Turnley, Bloodgood and Bolino, 2003) and might as a result be inclined to take actions to rebalance their work situation, by for example reducing their contribution to the organization (Rousseau, 1995). Psychological contract breach and violation The psychological contract is a subjective perception, so the employee and the organization can possess radically different views of what are the obligations or promises that they have made to one another (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994). This is why often employees feel that their psychological contract has been breached and that the organization has failed in keeping its promises (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994). Although both the employee and the employer can feel that the contract has been breached by the other party, in this paper, as in many investigations on the psychological contract (cf. Zhao et al., 2007) the focus is on the perspective of the employee. In the early phases of research into the psychological contract there was not a very clear distinction between psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation and researchers used these terms interchangeably (Suazo, Turnley, Mai, 2005). In 1997, Robinson and Morrison made a clear distinction between the two. These authors defined psychological contract breach as a cognitive perception, while psychological contract violation was defined as the emotional or affective reaction that can sometimes arise from the perception of a breach of the psychological contract (Morrison and Robinson, 1997). Research has shown that not all breaches lead to emotional reactions on the part of employees (Morrison and Robinson, 1997; Turnley and Feldman, 1999a) because these emotional reactions can be influenced by different individual differences such as personality (Raja et al., 2004) or fairness perceptions (Morrison and Robbinson, 2000), but in those cases where emotional reaction do es occur the employee may have feelings of anger, injustice, resentment and distrust toward the organization that has not honored its promises (Raja, Johns and Ntalianis, 2004). Several studies have linked psychological contract breach to violation. Zhao, Wayne, Glibkowski, Bravo (2007) have summarized these studies and report a meta-analytic correlation of 0.52 (p In line with research findings and with social exchange theory, it is proposed here that psychological contract breach is positively related to psychological contract violation. Hypothesis 1: Psychological contract breach is positively related to psychological contract violation. Psychological contract breach and employees responses Previous studies have linked psychological contract breach to negative work outcomes (Robinson and Rousseau, 1994; Robinson and Morrison, 1995). When psychological contract breach occurs, employees start reducing their contribution to the organization as they feel that the organization has failed them (Robinson, 1996). Turnover intentions and counterproductive behaviors are employee possibilities of reducing their efforts and contributions towards the organization they work for. Zhao et al. (2007, p.651) define turnover intentions as the subjective probability that an individual will leave his or her organization within a certain period of time. The meta-analytic study shows that there is a positive correlation between psychological contract breach and turnover intentions (r=.42, p Hypothesis 2a: Psychological contract breach will be positively related to turnover intentions. Counterproductive behavior can be seen as destructive reactions toward an organization (Kickul, Neuman, Parker, Finkl, 2002). When employees feel that there psychological contract has been breached their level of commitment and trust in their organization decreases (Ball, Trevino, Sims, 1994) and they might react destructively toward the organization (Kickul et al., 2002). This reaction may be characterized by a set of different deliberate acts that harm the organization or even the organizations stakeholders such as clients, owners or supervisors (Spector and Fox, 2005). Counterproductive behavior is a very broad construct which contains behaviors ranging from theft or sabotage to violence against others (Gruys and Sackett, 2003). Each one of these actions create great problems to the organization and are also economic threats as organizations need to spend money to protect themselves against such actions (Bennett and Robinson, 2000). The employees counterproductive actions may even escalate until the level where they interfere with co-workers jobs or where they give a disrespectful treatment to their supervisors (KicKul et al., 2002). Bordia et al. (2008) found that the psychological contract breach was positively related to both minor offenses (ÃŽÂ ²=0.44,pË‚.001) and major offenses (ÃŽÂ ²=0.49, pË‚.001) of the employees at the work place. Following on their results, we propose that psychological contract breach will be positively related to the employees counterproductive behavior. Hypothesis 2b: Psychological contract breach will be positively related to counterproductive behavior. Psychological contract violation Prior to 1977, the terms psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation were used as synonyms, so much of the existent literature focused on the relationship between psychological contract breach and employees responses. Only after the paper of Robinson and Morrison (1997) the two became the separate concepts as we know them now. In this part of the paper we introduce psychological contract violation as a mediator of the relationship between psychological contract breach and employees reactions. As not all contract breaches results in feelings of violation and not all employees respond negatively to their psychological contract being breached (Morrison and Robinson, 1997; Rousseau 1995, Turnley et al., 2003) we believe that it would be interesting to test whether psychological contract violation could have a mediating effect on the psychological breach employees reactions relationship. One paper that focuses on the mediating role of psychological contract violation is the meta-analysis of Zhao et al. (2007). The authors use affective events theory to explain the relationship between psychological contract breach, affect (violation and mistrust), job attitudes and individual effectiveness. Following this theory, a negative event at the workplace causes negative emotional reactions, which in turn are taught to cause negative work attitudes (Bal et al., 2008). In their study, the authors find psychological contract breach to be a negative event leading to emotional reactions and job attitudes. The authors found that psychological contract violation fully mediated the relationship between psychological contract breach and job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intentions to quit. While psychological contract breach may not always lead to undesirable work-related attitudes, it is expected that employees who experience intensely negative feelings (psychological contract violation) will take some measures (such as leaving the organization or working less) against their organization (Suazo et al., 2005). Based on the affective events theory we expect that psychological contract violation will mediate the relationship between psychological contract breach and employee responses toward the organization they work for. Hypothesis 3a: Psychological contract violation will mediate the relationship between psychological contract breach and employees turnover intention. Hypothesis 3b: Psychological contract violation will mediate the relationship between psychological contract breach and employees counterproductive behavior. 2.5 The moderating role of personality Robinson and Morisson (2000) showed that attributions and fairness perceptions moderate the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation. The authors explain that when employees felt that they were treated unfair there was a stronger relationship between the breach of the psychological contract and an emotional reaction to it, so lower levels of fairness were predicting violation. Other papers suggested that organizational influences and also employees personal dispositions may be predictors of psychological contracts (Rousseau, 1995; 2001). But only little research has been conducted on the relationship between personality and psychological contract breach (Raja et al., 2004; Tallman and Bruning, 2008) even though there are a lot of papers that emphasize the importance of personality on work attitudes such as job performance or job satisfaction (Barrick and Mount, 19921; Judge and Bono, 2001). The focus of this study is to analyze whether personality might moderate the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation. We consider that personality could significantly influence this relationship because personality can explain how people differ in their social interactions, reaction to perceived injustice and attachment of importance to various extrinsic and intrinsic outcomes (Raja et al., 2004, p354). Zhao et al. (2007) also state that future research should focus on personality as a moderator when studying psychological contract breach and outcomes. The personality dimensions used in the paper are derived from the Five-Factor model of personality (Goldberg, 1990) and consists of 5 personality types: Extraversion, Neuroticism (Emotional Stability), Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience. We chose this model of personality because it has been used in a variety of studies (Barrick and Mount, 1991; Judge, Heller and Mount 2002, Raja et al. , 2004) and have been related to numerous work attitudes and behaviors (Costa and McCrae, 1992). Raja et al. (2004) article is one of the very few studies that established a connection between personality and psychological contract breach. These authors studied only the effect of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Conscientiousness, because they were unable to establish a reliable level of measurement for the Agreeableness dimension and considered Openness to Experience to be a too controversial structure. Still, in a more recent study of Tallman and Bruning (2008) the authors were able to measure all of these personality dimensions with the help of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory questionnaire, so we decided to also focus on all five personality aspects and their relation to the psychological contract breach and violation. The authors (Raja et al., 2004) found that employees personalities are related to their contract choice, as people high in neuroticism will tend to choose transactional contracts, while people high in conscientiousness or extraversion prefer relational ones. Transactional contracts are characterized by short-term economically focused attitudes and relational ones by a set of long-term attitudes that include features like loyalty or security (Raja et al., 2004). The authors also found that people who were more sensitive to equity issues (equity sensitivity dimension) were more likely to feel negative emotional reaction when there psychological contract was breached, than people who were more internal (external locus of control dimension). Tallman and Bruning (2008) extended the study of Raja et al. (2004) and the research on the relationship between psychological contracts and personality, by studying the link between employees personality and their beliefs regarding the employees obligations and organizational behavior. The authors linked personality to nine employee psychological contract obligation dimensions: commitment to the organization, commitment to the job, stewardship behaviors, showing initiative, serving the needs of the organization, support in the job, growth, support as a person and existence and their results showed that employees personality explained the variance for 4 out of 9 dimensions. Even more, they found that each of the Five-Model Personality dimensions was related to at least one of the dimensions, indicating that using all the 5 personality types was important for the study. As research has showed personality is an important factor in employees beliefs regarding their psychological contract; this is why we believe that personality might moderate the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation, influencing the extent to which employees perceive there psychological contract being violated and not only breach. The next part of this chapter will be divided according to the Five-Factor Model: Extraversion (1), Neuroticism (Emotional Stability) (2), Conscientiousness (3), Agreeableness (4) and Openness to Experience (5). Extraversion (1) Extroverts are highly sociable, talkative, energetic, ambitious and assertive (Costa, McCrae, 1992). The assertiveness of extroverts is associated with a desire for increased status and salary (Cattell, 1981). Extraversion is associated with high job performance, job satisfaction and team performance (Judge and Ilies, 2002; Judge and Bono, 2000; Kickul and Wiesner, 1997). Previous studies have shown that there is a positive relationship between extraversion on the one hand and job satisfaction (Judge et al., 2002) and organizational commitment (Erdheim et al., 2006) on the other. Even though extroverts are seeking for monetary rewards they tend to form long-term relationships, because in these ones they can develop themselves and have better opportunities to gain a better status and a better income (Tallman and Bruning, 2008). Tallman and Bruning (2008) found that there was a positive correlation between the extroversion personality dimensions and the perceived obligation extrovert people felt organization towards them in fulfilling their growth needs (ÃŽÂ ² = .25, p Extroverts are high performers and they are committed to their organization (Tallman and Bruning, 2008), in addition they are assertive, so they will tend to stand up for their rights. Breaching the psychological contract of extroverted people will probably lead to stronger negative emotional feelings toward the organization they work for than when comparing to introverted people. This is why it is proposed here that extroverts will be more likely to react emotionally to their psychological contract being breached than non-extroverts. Hypothesis 4b: Extraversion moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation, so that the relationship between psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation is stronger for extroverts than for introverts. Neuroticism (2) People high in neuroticism are anxious and lack trust in people, and it is said that they are more prone to perceive failures in life (Judge, Higgins, Thoresen, Barick, 1999). They have a greater tendency to pay attention to the negative side of a situation than other people who have a more balanced view of things (Ho, Weingart, Rousseau, 2003). They are usually poor team performers and they fear change (Kichuk and Wiesner, 1997). Previous research has shown a negative relationship between neuroticism and job satisfaction (Judge et al., 2002). Other authors have linked neuroticism to a preference for transactional psychological contracts (Raja et al., 2004) because these contracts do not require much initiative or confidence (Raja et al., 2004). Tallman and Bruning (2008) showed that neuroticism is positively related to the organizations obligations to provide support for the employees and to stewardship behavior. Because people high in neuroticism are more worried and anxious we believe that their reaction to a psychological contract breach would be stronger than that of people emotionally stable. This is why we propose that people high in neuroticism will have stronger emotional reaction and will tend to perceive their psychological contract as being violated. Hypothesis 4a: Neuroticism moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation, so that this relationship is stronger for people high in neuroticism than for those low in neuroticism. Conscientiousness (3) Conscientiousness is related to an individuals degree of self-control, need for achievement, order and also persistence (Costa, McRae Dye, 1991). Conscientious people tend to be more concerned with tasks accomplishment than with the task rewards (Stewart, 1996) and are interested in forming long-term employment exchange relationships (Zhao and Chen, 2008). Research has shown that there is a positive relationship between conscientiousness and work-related outcomes such as job satisfaction (Judge et al., 2002) or commitment (Erdheim, 2006). Orvis et al. (2008) tested the hypothesis that conscientiousness moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and work outcomes. In their study, the authors showed that lower levels of conscientiousness led to a higher level of perceived psychological contract breach and lower levels of job satisfaction, organization loyalty and higher levels of intentions to quit. Raja et al. (2004) also found that there is a strong relation between conscientiousness and psychological contract breach: people with higher levels of conscientiousness perceived lower levels of psychological contract breach. Thus, it is expected here that it is unlikely that conscientious people will feel that their psychological contract has been violated upon perceiving a breach of their psychological contracts. Hypothesis 4c: Conscientiousness moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation, so that the relationship between psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation is stronger for people low in conscientiousness than for those high in conscientiousness. Agreeableness (4) The agreeableness personality dimension refers to a persons preferences for interpersonal interactions that can range from compassion to antagonism (Costa McCrae, 1992). One of the few papers that investigated the relationship between agreeableness and psychological contract breach and work-related outcomes is the paper by Tallman and Bruning (2008). In their research, the authors show that there is a positive correlation between the agreeableness personality dimension and that perceived obligation agreeable people feel their organization has in supporting its employees (ÃŽÂ ²=.20, p Agreeable people value their interpersonal relationships and are characterized as being very interested in maintaining positive relations with the people that surround them (Ho, Weingart, Rousseau, 2003). The fact that agreeable people are more prone to maintaining long-term and pleasant relationship with others might have an effect on their perception of their psychological contract being breached. Because the psychological contract is an agreement made between two parties and involves an interpersonal element, agreeable people might be more tolerant and forgiving so it might make agreeable people feel fewer negative emotional reactions to breach than other personality types. Hypothesis 4b: Agreeableness moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation, so that this relationship is stronger for people low in agreeableness than for those high in agreeableness. Openness to Experience (5) Openness to Experience represents open-minded individuals, who are imaginative, inventive, creative, curious and unconventional (Costa and McCrae, 1992). Open people have a high need for autonomy and tend to be creative and adaptive to change (Costa and Mcrae, 1992). Furthermore, open employees are less likely to feel that they must serve the organization or their managers and will look for organizations that will allow them enough freedom to try new ideas and approaches in their activities (Tallman and Bruning, 2008). Because open employees will look for interesting and challenging jobs, we would consider that they will also seek an organization that supports their decisions and that allows them to grow and satisfy their needs (Tallman and Bruning, 2008). This is why we expect that they might feel strong negative emotions when their freedom is limited or when they dont feel their organizations support. Hypothesis 4e: Openness to experience moderates the relationship between psychological contract breach and violation, so that this relationship is stronger for people high in openness than for those low in openness. Research model In the previous sections four sets of hypothesis were established. As shown in the figure, the principal relation in the paper is the one between psychological contract breach, violation and employees responses (turnover intentions, counterproductive behavior), while personality traits are hypothesized to moderate the relationship between breach and violation. Figure 1. Research model 3. Method 3.1 Sample The study was conducted in the Netherlands and used 3 data sources: full-time or part-time employees in the Netherlands, their supervisors and one of their friends. The questions related to psychological contract breach, psychological contract violation and turnover intentions were answered by the respondent, the questions regarding counterproductive behavior were answered by the respondents supervisor and personality was assessed by obtaining ratings from the respondents friend. We consider that the employee is the best source of information when considering psychological contract breach or violation as he is the only person who knows exactly what were his expectations and beliefs regarding his psychological contract. For the turnover intentions we use the employee as a respondent for similar reasons: he is the only one who can tell about his thoughts on leaving the company he works for. In what concerns the measurement of counterproductive behavior we expect that employees will be more reluctant to state the situations were they were acting accordingly, so we consider that their direct supervisor will give more objective responses. Supervisors ratings were previously used to assess counterproductive behaviors in Bordia et al. (2008) or anticitizenship behaviors in Kickul et al. (2001). We also ask one of the respondents friends to fill in the personality survey because employees might distort their personality scores (Rosse, Stecher, Miller and Levin, 1998) and answer the questions the way they think that they should be answered (Mahar, Cologne and Duck, 1995). The respondents were approached through a press release and invitation which were available to them through different websites like: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The total number of questionnaires spread among the employees was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ from these, only a number à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ participants responded. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In the beginning the employees were sent an email with the link for completing the survey and after 1 week they also received a reminder. The supervisors and friends were approached through the employee, who received a separate link to forward to its supervisor and friend so that they could participate at the survey. X% of employees were male, X% were female, Y% completed their university education, Y% their secondary education programThe average age of respondents was from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, X% of them were working X hours a week, Y% of them were working Y hours a weekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ X% of employees reported an organizational tenure of X%, Y% of employees reported an organizational tenure of Y yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Y% of the supervisors were male and Y% were female, Y% completed their university education, Y% their secondary education program The age of ranged from supervisors was from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, X% of them were working X hours a week, Y% of them were working Y hours a weekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The average organizational tenure of supervisors was T%. The frequency of contact between the supervisor and employee was for X% daily, for Y% weeklyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Z% of the friends were male, Z% were female. Their age range was from X to Y years, X completed their university education, Y% their secondary education program. 3.2 Measurement of variables Control variables The results of this study were controlled for the effects of: gender, age and organizational tenure. Gender was controlled for because employees might be evaluated differently according to gender (Turnley, Bolino, Lester and Bloodgood, 2003). Age was controlled for because age could affect work behavior or could also influence the kind of job people choose and finally, organizational tenure was necessary as a control variable because the length of employment might be related to the number of psychological contracts breaches an employee might experience (Turnley at al., 2003). Psychological contract breach The scale of Robinson and Morrison (2000) was used to assess psychological contract breach (Cronbachs ÃŽÂ ± = .92). The scale consisted of five items that assessed the employees perception of psychological contract breach. An example item is: I feel that my employer has come through in fulfilling the promises made to me when I was hired. Thr